One of the most remote islands is plagued by plastic waste

Roughly halfway between Argentina and South Africa, in the middle of the South Atlantic Ocean, is the most remote settlement on earth. The island of Tristan da Cunha, home to 251 descendants of a handful of 19th-century settlers, is the only inhabited island in its tiny archipelago.

Nearby is an inhospitable rock called Inaccessible Island, named for its forbidding cliffs and difficult landings. But something does land on the island: plastic. A paper in PNAS this week pieces together where a lot of that plastic comes from and points to a disconcerting potential source of plastic pollution—international shipping.

The Great Atlantic Garbage Dump

A colossal amount of garbage is brought together by vast oceanic currents. Islands near these currents tend to feel the effects, with loads of trash stranding on their shores.

Inaccessible Island is in the heart of a “trashstrom:” surveys have found that the quantities of debris washed up here are some of the highest of any oceanic island. People mostly don’t come here—there are just one or two landings here per year—so the trash just accumulates, working its way into the sand and the crevices.

Some of the few people who come study that trash, as it can offer up clues about what’s in the South Atlantic Garbage Patch. There’s a stretch along the west coast of the island where people have been documenting what has washed up since the 1980s and carefully piling up the documented trash to keep track of what’s new.

Peter Ryan, an ornithologist at the University of Cape Town, led a team of researchers in documenting 3,515 pieces of Inaccessible Island’s trash in 2009 and another 7,368 items in 2018. Once the beach was cleared in 2018, Prof. Ryan and his colleagues kept track of anything new that washed up over 10 weeks. Then they compared the trash, year on year, and noticed some interesting patterns.

Mostly single-use, mostly for drinking

There was, as you might expect, all sorts of things in those huge collections of garbage. But the biggest single category—about 30%—was bottles, and 98% of those bottles were plastic. This doesn’t necessarily mean that 98% of the bottles dumped in the ocean were plastic; glass bottles are more likely to break, and plastic bottles can more easily travel on the wind, so they might be more likely to show up in this kind of context.

Of those plastic bottles, the majority were for drinks, with water bottles making up most of the drinks bottles. The fraction of these bottles went up in the more recent count, which suggests that they’re increasing in abundance. This finding was based on just two points in time, though, so it’s worth being a little cautious about it, but the increase in plastic drinks bottles compared to other kinds of debris does coincide with the growth of the global bottled-water market.

What’s best about these bottles is that some of them can give clues about where they come from because many of them are stamped with details of when and where they were manufactured. Things can get a little hazy here—some of the bottles have the date of manufacture, some a best-before date, and some have both, so it’s possible to mistake the date you’re looking at. But the dates gave the researchers some sense of where the bottles had come from and how long they’d taken to get there.

In the 1980s, South America was the main contributor of plastic bottles on the island. That makes sense—it’s (comparatively) right there. But in 2009, bottles manufactured in Asia just beat out South America, and by 2018, Asian-source bottles (mostly from China) made up 75% of the total.